A lifetime
of looking closer.

L. Watts and C. Mead, "A Wave-Particle Model of Energy Transfer Between Two Atoms in a Transactional Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics", Entropy 28, no. 7: 813, July 17, 2026.

L. Watts, "The Architecture Of The Human Brain", May 31, 2026.

Lloyd Watts. Comparative Study of Machine Learning Methods on Circle-In-Square and MNIST Tasks. March 9, 2025.

L. Watts, "How Large Language Models Work", January 22, 2024.

L. Watts, "A Wave-Particle Model of Energy Transfer Between Two Atoms", video animation, December 1, 2023.

L. Watts, "A Cheat Sheet For Money And Time", May 22, 2022.

L. Watts, "A Computational Model Of Natural Language Understanding Based On Auditory Neuroscience and Graph Theory", July 31, 2022.

L. Watts, "Visualizing Atomic Orbitals With Spin ", September 15, 2022.

L. Watts, "Visualizing Atomic Orbitals With Spin ", Mathematica 11 Notebook, August 22, 2022.

L. Watts, D. Moskalchuk, "Distributed Website Load Testing System Running on Mobile Devices", United States Patent Number 11,210,194, December 28, 2021.

L. Watts, "Demonstration of Spin 1/2 on an Electron Wavefunction", YouTube video, September, 2020.

L. Watts, D. Moskalchuk, M. Coffey, "Distributed Computing COVID-19 Vaccine Research on Arm Devices", YouTube video, October, 2020.

L. Watts, D. Moskalchuk, "Distributed Website Load Testing System Running on Mobile Devices", United States Patent Number 10,733,073, August 4, 2020.

L. Watts, "DeepPitch: Wide-Range Monophonic Pitch Estimation using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks", June 14, 2018.

L. Watts, "Neocortix News: High-Quality News Aggregation", November 30, 2018.

L. Watts, "Caltech CNS 30-year Reunion", Caltech, August 11, 2017.

L. Watts, "Commercializing Brain-Inspired Computing", Neuro-Inspired Computing Elements Workshop, IBM Almaden, March 6-8, 2017.

L. Watts, "A Platform for Intelligence", Neuro-Inspired Computing Elements Workshop, Berkeley, CA, March 7-9, 2016.

L. Watts, "Lamb Shift and Sub-Compton Electron Dynamics: Dirac Hydrogen Wavefunctions without Singularities", October 31, 2016.

L. Watts, "Lamb Shift and Sub-Compton Electron Dynamics: Dirac Hydrogen Wavefunctions without Singularities", Mathematica 11 Notebook, October 31, 2016.

L. Watts, "Demonstration of Spin 1/2", YouTube video, March, 2015.

L. Watts, "Event-Driven Simulation of Spiking Neural Networks", Sandia National Labs / DARPA Neuro-Inspired Computing Elements Workshop, Albuquerque, New Mexico, Feb 23-25, 2015.

L. Watts, C. Mead, "Image Enhancement Based On Combining Images From Multiple Cameras", United States Patent Number 9,142,010, September 22, 2015.

L. Watts, "Lamb Shift and Sub-Compton Electron Dynamics: Dirac Hydrogen Wavefunctions without Singularities", slides for talk at Google, Mountain View, October 16, 2015.

L. Watts, "Lamb Shift and Sub-Compton Electron Dynamics: Dirac Hydrogen Wavefunctions without Singularities", talk at Google, Mountain View, October 16, 2015.

L. Watts, "Neuromorphic Systems to Quantum Physics", in honor of Carver Mead's 80th Birthday, Caltech, August 8, 2014. Please note that the Quantum Physics discussion at the end is based on the Two-Body Lamb Shift idea, which later turned out to be flawed. The correct approach is the Sub-Compton Electron Dynamics approach, which took another year to develop.

L. Watts, "New Paradigms, Generality, and Completeness", Sandia National Labs / DARPA Neuro-Inspired Computational Elements Workshop, Albuquerque, New Mexico,February 24-26, 2014.

L. Watts, "Commercializing Auditory Neuroscience", Allen Brain Institute 2013 Annual Symposium, September 26, 2013.

L. Watts, "Computing Architectures Based on the Human Auditory Pathway", Sandia National Labs / DARPA Neuro-Inspired Computational Elements Workshop, Albuquerque, New Mexico, February 25-27, 2013.

L. Watts, F. Baskett, "Image Correction After Combining Images From Multiple Cameras", United States Patent Number 8,619,148, December 31, 2013.

P. Santos, L. Watts, C. Murgia, B. Clark, "Providing Background Audio during Telephonic Communication", United States Patent Number 8,488,805, July 16, 2013.

C. Avendano, P. Santos, L. Watts, "System and Method for Utilizing Inter-Microphone Level Differences for Speech Enhancement", United States Patent Number 8,345,890, January 1, 2013.

L. Watts, "The Founding of Audience (47-minute Documentary)", December, 2013. Featuring interviews with Carver Mead, Ray Kurzweil, Allan Crawford, Dave Moore, and George Pavlov.

L. Watts, "The Founding of Audience (Trailer)", December, 2013.

L. Watts, "Reverse-Engineering the Human Auditory Pathway", in J. Liu et al. (Eds.): IEEE WCCI 2012, LNCS 7311, pp. 47 59, 2012.

L. Solbach, L. Watts, "System and Method for Processing an Audio Signal", United States Patent Number 8,150,065, April 3, 2012.

D. Klein, S. Malinowski, L. Watts, B. Mont-Reynaud, "Systems and Methods for Audio Signal Analysis and Modification", United States Patent Number 8,315,857, November 20, 2012.

L. Watts, "2-Microphone Noise Reduction for Cell Phones Based on the Human Auditory Pathway", Speech In Noise Workshop , Lyon, France, January 6-7, 2011.

S. Isabelle, L. Watts, "Additional inter-lab comparison of test results according to EG 202-396-3", 3GPP TSG-SA4#66 , Tdoc S4-111006, Jeju Island, Korea, November 7-11, 2011.

L. Watts, S. Isabelle, M. Parvaix, "Correlation of ETSI EG 202 396-3 Objective Speech Quality Measures to P.835 Subjective Test Results", 3GPP TSG-SA4#65 , Tdoc S4-110763, Kista, Sweden, August 15-19, 2011.

L. Watts, "Distortion Measurement for Noise Suppression System", United States Patent Number 8,032,364, October 4, 2011.

S. Isabelle, M. Parvaix, L. Watts, "P.ONRA Contribution Additional results from a candidate algorithm", ITU COM 12 - C 288 - E, Study Group 12, Contribution 288, October 2011, Geneva, Switzerland.

L. Watts, M. Parvaix, S. Isabelle, "P.ONRA contribution preliminary results from candidate algorithm", ITU COM 12 - C 184 - E, Study Group 12, Contribution 184, January 2011, Geneva, Switzerland.

L. Watts (featured contributor), "Nexus One: The Story - Episode 1: Concept & Design", Google Technology Video , February, 2010. A video describing Audience's contribution in the first high-profile product available in the United States.

L. Watts, "Real-Time, High-Resolution Simulation of the Auditory Pathway, with Application to Cell-Phone Noise Reduction", ISCAS 2010 , June 2, 2010, pp. 3821-3824.

L. Watts, "Cellphone Noise Reduction Based on the Human Hearing System", Audience Technology Video , 2009.

D. Klein, L. Watts, "Reverberation Removal", United States Patent Number 7,508,948, March 24, 2009.

P. Zhang, L. Watts, "Voice Enhancement Devices: Amendment 1: Revised Appendix II - Objective Measures for the Characterization of the basic functioning of noise reduction algorithms", ITU-T Recommendation G.160 Amendment 1, November, 2009.

L. Watts, D. Massie, A. Sansano, J. Huey, "Voice Processors Based on the Human Hearing System", IEEE Micro , March/April 2009, pp. 54 61.

L. Watts, "Advanced Noise Reduction for Mobile Telephony", IEEE Computer , vol. 41, no. 8, August 2008, pp. 90-92. The first formal publication describing Audience's first product.

L. Watts, "Multi-Source Phoneme Classification for Noise-Robust Automatic Speech Recognition", United States Patent Number 7,319,959, January 15, 2008.

L. Watts, "Commercializing Auditory Neuroscience", in Frontiers of Engineering: Reports on Leading-Edge Engineering from the 2006 Symposium , published by National Academy of Engineering, 2007, pp. 5-14. This document described the evolving commercial agenda for Audience, as the product strategy began to develop.

L. Watts, "Subjective test methodology for evaluating speech communication systems that include noise suppression algorithm, Amendment 1: New Appendix III - Additional provisions for nonstationary noise suppressors", ITU-T Recommendation P.835 Amendment 1, October, 2007.

L. Watts, "The Future of Cognitive Computing", in Cognitive Computing 2007 , 2007.

L. Watts, "Efficient Computation of Log-Frequency-Scale Digital Filter Cascade", United States Patent Number 7,076,315, July 11, 2006.

L. Watts, "Computation of Multi-Sensor Time Delays", United States Patent Number 6,792,118, September 14, 2004.

L. Watts, "Visualizing Complexity in the Brain", in Computational Intelligence: The Experts Speak , edited by D. Fogel and C. Robinson, IEEE Press/Wiley, 2003, pp. 45-56. This keynote speech provided the first formal publication of the scientific agenda for Audience.

L. Watts, "Memory Cell Array for Performing a Comparison", United States Patent Number 6,198,668, March 6, 2001.

L. Watts, "The Mode-Coupling Liouville-Green Approximation for a two-dimensional Cochlear Model", Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol. 108, no. 5, pp. 2266-2271, Nov., 2000.

L. Watts, early Cochlear Models web page, written in 2000. Summarizes the pre-Audience work on analytical (mathematical) cochlear models and analog electronic cochlear models.

L. Watts, early Neuroscience web page, written in 2000. Describes agenda for reverse-engineering the auditory pathway, early real-time cochlear model running on Xilinx board at Interval, early Quicktime animations -- an early look at the scientific foundation for Audience.

V. Cuperman, L. Watts, R. Pettigrew, "Low Delay Vector Backward Predictive Coding of Speech", United States Patent Number 4,963,034, October 16, 1990. Sold in 1999 to Cisco for $1M.

P. Hafliger, M. Mahowald, L. Watts, "A Spike-Based Learning Neuron in Analog VLSI", Proceedings of the the Ninth Neural Information Processing Systems Conference, 1996.

L. Watts, "Event-Driven Simulation of Networks of Spiking Neurons", Proceedings of the Sixth Neural Information Processing Systems Conference, 1993, pp. 927-934.

L. Watts, Spike and Neuralog software release, 1993.

L. Watts, "Cochlear Mechanics: Analysis and Analog VLSI", Doctoral Dissertation, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 1992.

L. Watts, "Cochlear Mechanics: Analysis and Analog VLSI", Mathematica 2.0 Notebook, 1992.

L. Watts, "Designing Networks of Spiking Silicon Neurons and Synapses", Proceedings of Computation and Neural Systems Meeting CNS*92, San Francisco, CA, 1992.

L. Watts, D. Kerns, R. Lyon, C. Mead, "Improved Implementation of the Silicon Cochlea", IEEE Journal of Solid-state Circuits, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 692-700, May, 1992.

R. Sarpeshkar, L. Watts, C. Mead, "Refractory Neuron Circuits", Caltech CNS Technical Report CNS-TR-92-08, 1992.

L. Watts, R. F. Lyon, C. Mead, "A Bidirectional Analog VLSI Cochlear Model", Advanced Research in VLSI, Proceedings of the 1991 Santa Cruz Conference, C. Sequin, ed., Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991, pp. 153-163.

D. Kirk, K. Fleischer, L. Watts, A. Barr, "Constrained Optimization Applied to the Parameter Setting Problem for Analog Circuits", Proceedings of the Fourth Neural Information Processing Systems Conference, 1991, pp. 789-796.

L. Watts, "Vector quantization and scalar linear prediction for waveform coding of speech at 16 kb/s", M.A.Sc. Thesis, Simon Fraser University, 1990.

L. Watts, V. Cuperman, "A Vector ADPCM Analysis-by-Synthesis Configuration for 16 kbit/s Speech Coding", Proc. GLOBECOM, Hollywood, Florida, November, 1988.

L. Watts, V. Cuperman, "Design of a 16 kbit/s Vector ADPCM Speech Coding Algorithm", Proc. Can. Conf. on Elec. and Comp. Eng., Vancouver, Canada, November, 1988.

L. Watts, "Development of a VLSI Viterbi Codec", Proc. IEEE Pacific Rim Conf., June, 1987.

L. Watts, "A Cost-Effective Sound Expander", Bachelor's Thesis, Engineering Physics, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, March 1984.

L. Watts, "Computing Architectures Based on the Human Auditory Pathway", Video of workshop presentation.

L. Watts, "New Paradigms, Generality, and Completeness", Video of workshop presentation.